![]() It has negative reinforcements associated with painful sensory perceptions that shape human behavioural patterns. Pain moulds humans' personalities it defi nes their lives and sometimes ruins them. ![]() It is an inevitable feeling, which alerts awareness and forms an essential part of human memories. Pain is associated with an unpleasant sensation. In relevant contexts, it discusses the places where pain was infl icted and the consequences of such infl iction. It discusses how it felt, was conceptualised, generated, assessed, how deities, demons, dead and living individuals infl icted and healed it. Furthermore, it explains the notion of pain infl iction and analyses the types of pain, revealing its experience in ancient Egypt. It also discusses the roles of the pain healers. It examines the roles of the infl ictors of pain and their eff ect on those who were vulnerable to their infl iction. This paper aims at discussing the aetiology, etymology, characteristics and phraseology of pain feeling, infl iction and healing in ancient Egyptian religious, magical and literary texts. This observation could only have been made through the examination of different cursing methods together in one study. Despite their wide range of functions and intricacies, the underlying structure of the curses studied here was always the same – the target was connected to the curse (through visual similarity or text), the target was degraded (through visual or physical subjugation or text), a negative consequence happened to the target, and a positive outcome occurred for the user. The context of a curse’s use highlights the ancient Egyptians’ fears, and also sheds light on how they interacted with each other, and the social norms of ancient Egyptian society. Curses were a self-help tool which the ancient Egyptians used in everyday life to either prevent or to solve a problem. Ancient Egyptian curse users did not need to be literate or skilled the range of literacy and skill levels evident in the pieces studied here portray the flexible nature of cursing, resulting in a wide variety of users and therefore uses, such as to protect themselves and their interests, to overpower enemies, to heal illnesses and potentially to control the dead. This information is then used to offer fresh evaluation for the practices of corpse mutilation and reserve heads as forms of cursing. By examining several methods of cursing, their similarities and differences can be analysed to better understand how the process of cursing worked in different contexts. This study considers a selection of cursing methods – monument curses, execration figures, magic spells and damnatio memoriae – and also explores their correlation with examples of corpse mutilation and reserve heads. This thesis provides an overview of methods of cursing used in ancient Egypt, looking at when, how and why they were used, and by who. 2 Sederholm, on the other hand, argues that divine 1 He even asserts that this theme is practically unknown in Egyptian literature, since the Egyptian is not an off ender whom god discards, but an ignorant person who is disciplined. 1 Thus, he states that the theme of divine wrath is rarely, if ever, found in the Egyptian texts. Frankfort argues that the 'Egyptian religion ignored the theme of the wrath of god'. ![]() ![]() The subject of the present paper, namely divine wrath in Egyptian (dynastic and Graeco-Roman) sources, is inspired by two remarks made by Henri Frankfort and Val Hinckley Sederholm, in 19, respectively. Thus, divine wrath should be given particular attention as a distinctive theological matter to reveal its character and purpose. It is not fully examined despite its prevalence in various Egyptian texts and its association with other crucial doctrines, and notably the nature of deities. The theme of divine wrath has been neglected in scholarly work on the theology of the Egyptian deities. The analysis provides information on the core of the Egyptian religion investigated from the perspective of wrath. ![]() It also examines divine wrath in relation to the experience of suff ering and affl iction as well as that of protection and welfare. It discusses the notion of wrath, its perceived consequences and infl iction on the deities, living humans and the deceased. The paper thoroughly discusses the theme of divine wrath, its addressees, eff ects, purposes, provocations, and the possibility of avoidance and pacifi cation, as well as the linguistic expressions of wrath. It is a matter of theological concern to examine the theme of divine wrath in various texts describing the rage of deities. This article aims at examining the theme of divine wrath according to Egyptian religious beliefs, in connection with deities and worshippers. ![]()
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